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02Research · Supplement

Milk Thistle

Measured against the 58-marker panel. Human studies found an effect on 25, no change in 4 and conflicting results on 0; 29 have no result yet.

Most studied for

Hepatoprotection - general (NAFLD, elevated liver enzymes, toxic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease)

  • Supported 25
  • No effect 4
  • Conflicting 0
  • No result yet 29
BOverall evidence grade
457Studies tracked
34Meta-analyses
151Randomized trials

01Read first

Who should be careful

From the dossier's safety review: 14 cautions and 18 interactions, 13 rated serious. They summarize research and labels; they are not advice for you.

Cautions14

  • SeriousAsteraceae/Compositae family allergyGrade B

    Cross-reactivity with milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in patients allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies. Anaphylaxis cases documented in FAERS.

  • SeriousConcurrent narrow-TI immunosuppressants (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus)Grade B

    CYP3A4 + P-gp inhibition significantly elevates immunosuppressant levels. Risk compounded in cirrhotic transplant recipients with disease-altered transporter expression.

  • SeriousPregnancyGrade C

    Insufficient human safety data. Silymarin crosses placenta in animal models.

  • SeriousActive biliary obstruction or acute cholangitisGrade C

    Silymarin has choleretic/cholagogue activity — stimulates bile production. In biliary obstruction, increased bile production without egress may worsen biliary pressure, pain, and infection risk.

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  • SeriousHormone-sensitive malignancies (ER+ breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer)Grade C

    Silymarin has documented both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity in vitro. Net in vivo hormonal effect uncertain but may theoretically stimulate hormone-responsive tumor tissue.

  • SeriousIrinotecan therapy in UGT1A1*28 homozygotesGrade C

    UGT1A1*28/*28 already impairs SN-38 glucuronidation. Silymarin's additional UGT1A1 inhibition may compound risk of severe neutropenia and diarrhea.

  • ModerateConcurrent anticoagulation (warfarin, acenocoumarol) without INR monitoring accessGrade B

    CYP2C9 inhibition increases S-warfarin exposure. INR elevation and hemorrhagic events documented.

  • ModerateDiabetes on insulin or sulfonylureas without glucose monitoringGrade B

    Additive blood glucose lowering (AMPK activation, insulin sensitization) may precipitate symptomatic hypoglycemia.

  • ModerateHepatic decompensation — Child-Pugh C cirrhosisGrade C

    Drug interaction profile shifts in cirrhosis.

  • ModerateSevere renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m²)Grade C

    Accumulation risk in CKD 4–5.

  • ModeratePre-surgical / Perioperative periodGrade C

    CYP3A4 inhibition may affect anesthetic drug metabolism (midazolam, fentanyl).

  • ModerateLactation / BreastfeedingGrade D

    Transfer into breast milk unknown; insufficient infant safety data.

  • ModeratePediatric patients (<18 years)Grade D

    No controlled safety or efficacy data in pediatric populations. CYP enzyme ontogeny and UGT maturation differences may alter drug interaction profile.

  • ModerateG6PD deficiency (high-dose or IV use)Grade D

    G6PD-deficient RBCs are more vulnerable to oxidant stress.

Interactions18

  • SeriousWarfarinGrade B

    CYP2C9 inhibition reduces S-warfarin clearance; possible CYP3A4 contribution for R-warfarin

  • SeriousCyclosporineGrade B

    Dual inhibition: CYP3A4 metabolism inhibition + P-gp efflux inhibition → reduced cyclosporine clearance

  • SeriousTacrolimusGrade C

    CYP3A4 + P-gp dual inhibition; similar mechanism to cyclosporine interaction but tacrolimus has narrower therapeutic index

  • SeriousDigoxinGrade C

    P-gp inhibition by silymarin reduces intestinal efflux and renal secretion of digoxin → elevated digoxin levels

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  • SeriousTamoxifenGrade C

    CYP2D6 inhibition reduces conversion to endoxifen (primary active metabolite); reduces efficacy in breast cancer treatment

  • SeriousSirolimus (rapamycin)Grade C

    CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibition increases sirolimus exposure

  • SeriousIrinotecanGrade C

    UGT1A1 inhibition by silymarin reduces SN-38 glucuronidation, potentially elevating active metabolite exposure and GI/hematologic toxicity

  • ModerateMidazolamGrade B

    CYP3A4 competitive inhibition by silybin and isosilybin; Ki ~5–15 µM

  • ModerateIndinavirGrade B

    CYP3A4 inhibition; P-gp inhibition reduces intestinal efflux of indinavir

  • ModerateInsulin and sulfonylureasGrade B

    Silymarin has demonstrated blood glucose-lowering effects (AMPK activation, gluconeogenesis inhibition, insulin sensitization). Additive hypoglycemic effect when combined with secretagogues or exogenous insulin.

  • ModerateSimvastatin / LovastatinGrade C

    CYP3A4 inhibition increases statin AUC → elevated myopathy/rhabdomyolysis risk

  • ModerateLosartanGrade C

    CYP2C9 inhibition impairs losartan → EXP3174 conversion; reduces antihypertensive efficacy

  • ModerateMetforminGrade C

    Silymarin may inhibit OCT1/OCT2 transporters → altered metformin hepatic and renal distribution; secondary: insulin-sensitizing synergy may cause additive hypoglycemia

  • ModerateAntidiabetic agents (sulfonylureas: glipizide, glyburide)Grade C

    CYP2C9 inhibition reduces sulfonylurea clearance; additive hypoglycemic effect from silymarin's insulin-sensitizing properties

  • ModerateBaicaleinGrade C

    Inhibits BCRP (ABCG2) and MRP2 (ABCC2) efflux transporters; reduces intestinal efflux and biliary elimination of silibinin diastereomers

  • ModerateStatins (CYP3A4-metabolized: simvastatin, lovastatin, atorvastatin)Grade C

    CYP3A4 inhibition reduces statin clearance. OATP1B1/1B3 competition may also reduce hepatic uptake of statin acids.

  • ModerateOral contraceptives (estradiol/ethinylestradiol)Grade D

    CYP3A4 inhibition may increase estrogen exposure; UGT1A1 competition may reduce glucuronide conjugation of estrogens

  • MinorOral contraceptives / exogenous estrogensGrade D

    UGT1A1 and possible SULT inhibition reduces estrogen phase II conjugation; CYP1A2 inhibition reduces estradiol metabolism.

02What it moves

29 markers studied

One row per marker on the panel that human studies measured. Open a row for the direction, who was studied, and the papers.

Read with this in mind

Disproportionate representation of Chinese, Iranian, and Eastern European study populations in the NAFLD/metabolic syndrome RCT corpus.

CONTESTED: Clinical outcome benefit in advanced cirrhosis is unproven.

CONTESTED: Bioavailability-dependent efficacy creates major comparability problem.

Blood sugar4 of 4 studied

HbA1cLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers HbA1c.

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 14 studies linked

Studied in: Type 2 diabetes, NAFLD with diabetes

HbA1c reduction modest and primarily demonstrated in T2DM populations with concurrent NAFLD. Unlikely to be clinically meaningful as glycemic monotherapy. Adjunctive role in metabolic liver disease; not a standalone diabetes treatment.

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Fasting glucoseLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers fasting glucose.

Small to moderate effect · 0 studies linked

This result is graded, but no study is linked to it yet. Treat it as unconfirmed.

Studied in: Type 2 diabetes, NAFLD with diabetes, Metabolic syndrome

Kazazis 2014 review: 10–15% FPG reduction in T2DM RCTs with silymarin 140–200 mg TID. Multiple MAs confirm. Effect primarily in T2DM+NAFLD overlap populations — generalizability to isolated T2DM uncertain.

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Fasting insulinLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers fasting insulin.

Small to moderate effect · 0 studies linked

This result is graded, but no study is linked to it yet. Treat it as unconfirmed.

Studied in: Type 2 diabetes, Insulin resistance, NAFLD, Metabolic syndrome

Fasting insulin reduction demonstrated in T2DM + NAFLD RCTs. AMPK activation and reduced hepatic lipotoxicity proposed as mechanism. Mohammadi 2020 zebrafish data (zare_mehrjerdi_2024 content) suggests silibinin + metformin synergy — preclinical only, Grade C ceiling applies to that specific finding.

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HOMA-IRLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers HOMA-IR.

Meta-analysis or review · Small to moderate effect · 10 studies linked

Studied in: Type 2 diabetes, Insulin resistance, NAFLD, Metabolic syndrome

HOMA-IR reduction correlates with ALT reduction in NAFLD trials suggesting hepatic insulin resistance as shared driver. Effect size larger in populations with higher baseline insulin resistance. Supports metabolic hepatoprotection mechanism beyond anti-inflammatory action.

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Lipids4 of 6 studied

LDL-CLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers LDL-C.

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 20 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Metabolic syndrome, Hyperlipidemia

Approximately −0.22 SMD; −5 to −12 mg/dL. Some MAs report no significant LDL effect. Phospholipid formulations may show larger reductions. Contested (see pc_005).

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HDL-CRaisesGrade A

Milk thistle raises HDL-C.

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 12 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Metabolic syndrome

Approximately +0.18 SMD; +2 to +5 mg/dL. Not consistently significant across trials. Limited RCT data with HDL as primary outcome.

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TriglyceridesLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers triglycerides.

Meta-analysis or review · Small to moderate effect · 26 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, Hypertriglyceridemia

Approximately −0.38 SMD; −15 to −35 mg/dL in NAFLD populations. Most significant reduction with baseline hypertriglyceridemia; null in normolipidemic populations. Contested (see pc_005).

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Total cholesterolLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers total cholesterol.

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 24 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Metabolic syndrome, Hypercholesterolemia

Approximately −0.28 SMD; −8 to −18 mg/dL. Effect modest and inconsistent across trials. May be disease-specific to NAFLD (see pc_005). Contested.

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Inflammation3 of 5 studied

hs-CRPLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers hs-CRP.

Meta-analysis or review · Small to moderate effect · 7 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, Metabolic syndrome, Chronic liver disease

Approximately −0.38 SMD. hsCRP reduction correlates with ALT normalization in NAFLD RCTs. Effect mediated by NF-κB inhibition (mech_002). CRP in this context reflects hepatic inflammation rather than cardiovascular risk.

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IL-6LowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers IL-6.

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 9 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, Chronic liver disease, Animal models

Approximately −0.52 SMD. Human IL-6 data sparser than TNF-α. Demonstrated in NASH RCTs as secondary outcome. NF-κB inhibition mechanistically links to IL-6 suppression. See pc_016 re: animal study predominance.

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TNF-αLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers TNF-α.

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 9 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, Chronic liver disease, Animal models

Approximately −0.65 SMD but weighted toward animal studies. 119 studies in corpus — predominantly preclinical. Human RCT data for systemic TNF-α reduction as primary endpoint is sparse. See pc_016.

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Liver6 of 6 studied

ALTLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers ALT.

74 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, HCV, Alcoholic liver disease

A-grade evidence for ALT reduction in chronic liver disease (NAFLD, chronic hepatitis). Contradicted by B-grade null finding in acute viral hepatitis (El-Kamary 2009). Population_tags reflect the chronic-disease evidence base only. Acute hepatitis use should be counselled separately.

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ASTLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers AST.

85 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, HCV, Alcoholic liver disease

A-grade in chronic liver disease. Null in acute hepatitis context (El-Kamary 2009, B-grade). Contradiction preserved; chronic-disease grade maintained.

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GGTLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers GGT.

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 9 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Alcoholic liver disease, HCV, DILI

Cacciapuoti 2013 (zhong_2017 content): GGT reduction p<0.001 in 72 NAFLD patients over 6 months. GGT reflects both hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress (GGT is rate-limiting for extracellular GSH catabolism and cysteine recycling); reduction may reflect dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action.

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ALPNo changeGrade A

Studies of Milk thistle found no change in ALP.

Meta-analysis or review · 19 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Cholestatic liver disease, HCV, Primary biliary cholangitis

71 studies in corpus. ALP less consistently reduced; most pronounced effect in cholestatic etiologies. In NAFLD with elevated ALP, reduction correlates with steatosis improvement. Some trials show no significant ALP effect when baseline ALP is within normal range.

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BilirubinLowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers bilirubin.

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 14 studies linked

Studied in: Cirrhosis, Cholestatic liver disease, Acute viral hepatitis, Chronic liver disease

El-Kamary 2009 (RCT, n=105): indirect bilirubin significantly reduced (p=0.012) with faster clinical jaundice resolution. Effect mainly in decompensated/cholestatic populations. Choleretic mechanism (mech_012) proposed.

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AlbuminRaisesGrade A

Milk thistle raises albumin.

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 8 studies linked

Studied in: Cirrhosis, Decompensated liver disease

Albumin improvement mainly in decompensated cirrhosis reflecting synthetic function recovery. HALT-C (Freedman 2011) showed no significant clinical benefit in advanced HCV fibrosis. Grade C assigned — limited RCT data with albumin as primary endpoint; hepatic synthetic recovery data largely from observational studies.

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Blood and iron2 of 7 studied

HemoglobinRaisesGrade B

Milk thistle raises hemoglobin.

Human trials · 1 study linked

26 studies mention hemoglobin but not as primary endpoint. No evidence for clinically meaningful hemoglobin effect.

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FerritinLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers ferritin.

Human trials · Small effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, HCV

Ferritin reduction in NAFLD likely reflects reduced hepatocyte damage/inflammation rather than iron chelation. Silybin has demonstrated iron chelating properties in vitro but clinical iron overload data absent. Limited human RCT evidence specifically for ferritin as primary endpoint.

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Hormones3 of 5 studied

TestosteroneChangesGrade B

Milk thistle changes testosterone.

Human trials · 3 studies linked

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EstradiolNo changeGrade B

Studies of Milk thistle found no change in estradiol.

Human trials · 1 study linked

8 studies mention estradiol; predominantly in vitro ERβ binding studies. No human hormonal endpoint data.

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CortisolLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers cortisol.

Human trials · 1 study linked

3 studies; no meaningful cortisol effect data. No human hormonal endpoint RCT.

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Oxidative stress4 of 4 studied

MDALowersGrade A

Milk thistle lowers MDA.

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 13 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, NASH, Type 2 diabetes, Chronic liver disease

Safarpour 2023 (rat, 5-FU GI toxicity): SMN 5mg/kg IP reduced malondialdehyde in tongue, esophagus, and intestinal tissue vs 5-FU control. Mechanistically consistent with known antioxidant activity. C-grade ceiling; human evidence absent for this specific endpoint/context.

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F2-isoprostanesLowersGrade D

Milk thistle lowers F2-isoprostanes.

1 study linked

Studied in: Healthy volunteers

Non-significant trend only; underpowered sub-study within PK trial; no dedicated placebo arm for this endpoint; directionally consistent with antioxidant mechanism but insufficient to support efficacy claim; Grade D

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8-OHdGLowersGrade C

Milk thistle lowers 8-OHdG.

Small effect · 0 studies linked

This result is graded, but no study is linked to it yet. Treat it as unconfirmed.

Studied in: Animal models, DILI, Oxidative stress conditions

6 studies; predominantly animal model data. Directional decrease consistent with antioxidant mechanism (mech_001, mech_004). No adequately powered human RCT with 8-OHdG as primary endpoint.

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GlutathioneRaisesGrade A

Milk thistle raises glutathione.

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 18 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, DILI, Oxidative stress conditions, Animal models

138 studies — highest corpus coverage biomarker. Predominantly animal/in-vitro. Human studies use erythrocyte/plasma GSH as proxy. Nrf2/HO-1/GPx induction (mech_004) likely mediates.

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Minerals1 of 5 studied

CalciumChangesGrade C

Milk thistle changes calcium.

Human trials · 1 study linked

19 studies; no targeted calcium endpoint. Safety monitoring only.

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Body2 of 2 studied

Blood pressureNo changeGrade A

Studies of Milk thistle found no change in blood pressure.

Meta-analysis or review · 3 studies linked

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Weight and BMINo changeGrade A

Studies of Milk thistle found no change in weight and BMI.

Meta-analysis or review · 4 studies linked

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Also measured13 outcomes

Outcomes these studies measured that are not on the shared panel, so they are not on the map.

Waist CircumferenceLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers waist Circumference.

Human trials · 3 studies linked

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Fibrosis scoreLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers fibrosis score.

Moderate effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: HCV advanced fibrosis, NASH fibrosis, HCV, Advanced fibrosis

Borderline significant histologic benefit only. Effect size HR 0.57 is promising but CI upper bound = 1.00 and clinical outcome data is null. Healthy-user confounding probable in observational design. Grade B — observational, large n, multivariate adjusted.

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Bilirubin indirectLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers bilirubin indirect.

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: Adult, Acute viral hepatitis, MENA

El-Kamary 2009 (n=105, RCT, Egypt): indirect bilirubin significantly reduced with silymarin 420mg/day vs placebo at 4 weeks (p=0.012). Accompanied by faster resolution of dark urine (p=0.013), jaundice (p=0.02), and scleral icterus (p=0.043). Notably, this positive biliary signal occurs in the SAME study that shows ...

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Hepatic collagenLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers hepatic collagen.

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: HCV, Advanced fibrosis, Cirrhosis, USA

Secondary histologic endpoint from HALT-C. Statistically significant lower collagen content in current silymarin users across serial biopsies. Quantitative magnitude unavailable from text. Observational; confounding not fully excluded.

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Hepatic steatosisLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers hepatic steatosis.

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: NAFLD

Ultrasound-measured steatosis reduction in NAFLD confirmed. Hepatorenal brightness ratio is semi-quantitative (operator-dependent) — lower precision than MRI-PDFF or controlled attenuation parameter. Histologic steatosis reduction from NASH biopsy-controlled trials less consistent. AMPK-mediated lipogenesis inhibiti...

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Serum iron absorptionLowersGrade B

Milk thistle lowers serum iron absorption.

1 study linked

Studied in: HFE C282Y homozygotes, Hereditary hemochromatosis

Effect demonstrated in fully-treated HH patients at physiological iron balance. Iron chelation maintained in presence of 124 mg ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid normally enhances non-heme iron absorption; silybin overcomes this pro-absorptive effect. Clinically relevant to iron supplementation interaction and HFE PGx en...

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Il2LowersGrade C

Milk thistle lowers Il2.

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: Animal model, Chemotherapy GI toxicity

Safarpour 2023: SMN reduced IL-2 mRNA in GI tissues (tongue, esophagus, intestine) in 5-FU toxicity rat model. C-grade. IL-2 suppression in this context reflects anti-inflammatory mucosal protection mechanism.

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INRLowersGrade C

Milk thistle lowers INR.

Small effect · 0 studies linked

This result is graded, but no study is linked to it yet. Treat it as unconfirmed.

Studied in: Cirrhosis, Decompensated liver disease

INR/PT improvement only in advanced cirrhosis populations with synthetic dysfunction; sparse RCT data. Important clinical caveat: CYP3A4 inhibition may potentiate warfarin effect → INR elevation with concurrent anticoagulation therapy.

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SOD activityRaisesGrade C

Milk thistle raises SOD activity.

Moderate effect · 0 studies linked

This result is graded, but no study is linked to it yet. Treat it as unconfirmed.

Studied in: Animal models, NAFLD, DILI, Oxidative stress conditions

SOD upregulation predominantly from animal models; human erythrocyte SOD data very sparse. Nrf2/ARE pathway (mech_004) mechanistically links silybin to SOD1/SOD2 gene induction. Extrapolation to human hepatic SOD activity requires tissue measurement — not practically measurable in clinical trials.

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Ho1 expressionRaisesGrade D

Milk thistle raises Ho1 expression.

2 studies linked

Studied in: In vitro hepatocytes

Two independent in vitro sources converge on HO-1 induction; Nrf2/ARE pathway activation inferred; mechanistic confidence within D-grade ceiling is strengthened by replication; no human in vivo HO-1 data available

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Pparg expressionRaisesGrade D

Milk thistle raises pparg expression.

Moderate effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: In vitro, Hepatic stellate cells, Type 2 diabetes

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Cmyc expressionLowersGrade D

Milk thistle lowers cmyc expression.

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: In vitro, Hepatic stellate cells

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Nf kb activityLowersGrade D

Milk thistle lowers nf kb activity.

1 study linked

Studied in: In vitro hepatocytes

Mechanistic detail refined: upstream IκB/RelA pathway suppression, NOT direct NF-κB DNA-binding inhibition; Grade D ceiling (in vitro Huh-7.5 cells only)

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How it might work4

Proposed mechanisms. Most rest on lab and animal work, so read them as explanations, not proof of an effect.

  • Direct ROS scavenging via flavonolignan electron donation - silybin B phenolic OH groups quench hydroxyl, superoxide, and peroxynitrite radicals at nanomolar concentrations in vitro
  • NF-kB p65 nuclear translocation inhibition → suppression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and COX-2 transcription in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells under LPS/oxidative stimulation
  • TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 signaling suppression → reduced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, alpha-SMA expression, and collagen I/III synthesis → antifibrotic phenotype
  • Nrf2/ARE pathway activation → nuclear Nrf2 translocation → upregulation of HO-1, NQO1, TXNRD1, AKR1C1, catalase, SOD, and GPx gene expression → secondary endogenous GSH elevation

03No result yet

29 markers

29 markers on the panel have no result for Milk Thistle yet. A gap is not a negative result.

Not yet reviewed29

No study in this dossier reported these, and they haven't been searched for one by one yet.

Lipids
ApoBLp(a)
Inflammation
ESRFibrinogen
Kidney
CreatinineeGFRBUNCystatin C
Blood and iron
HematocritRed cellsMCVWhite cellsPlatelets
Hormones
SHBGDHEA-S
Thyroid
TSHFree T3Free T4Reverse T3
Heart
NT-proBNPTroponin
B vitamins
HomocysteineFolateVitamin B12MMA
Minerals
SodiumPotassiumPhosphateMagnesium

Open questions4

  • Does oral silymarin achieve sufficient intrahepatic concentrations to meaningfully activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway in human hepatocytes, given ~0.7-1.5% oral bioavailability of standard extract?
  • Is silymarin effective for ALT/AST reduction in obese (BMI >=30) NAFLD patients, given the null subgroup signal from Shahsavari 2025 MA?
  • What is the safety and efficacy profile of silymarin in pediatric NAFLD, which is increasing in prevalence globally?
  • What is the long-term (>2 year) safety profile of continuous silymarin supplementation at standard doses?
See these gaps on the map →Commission research on a gap →

04The studies and genetics

Go deeper

The three acts above are free. The paper-by-paper list and the genetics findings are part of the Research plan.
Research planResearch access

Every study and gene finding

Open the strongest papers with their populations and findings, and the gene differences human studies measured.

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On the evidence map →

Each marker shows the strongest record in the dossier. Records are extracted from published studies by a model pipeline and graded A to D; records whose own notes say no usable human data exists count as no result yet. Research summaries for education, not medical advice. How this page is sourced