Glutathione

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 30 studies linked

Studied in: T2DM, Metabolic syndrome, Adults

489 corpus studies (mostly mechanistic/in vitro). Resveratrol's Nrf2 activation upregulates GCLC (glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis. Clinical GSH/GSSG ratio changes in RCTs are modestly positive.

• Polylysine-polyglyceryl-10-decanoate derivatives: Enhanced antioxidant properties, stability, and bioaccessibility of resveratrol nanoemulsions. (2025)
• '140R' Rootstock Regulates Resveratrol Content in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' Grapevine Leaves Through miRNA. (2024)
• Effects of resveratrol on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
• Topical administration of pterostilbene accelerates burn wound healing in diabetes through activation of the HIF1α signaling pathway. (2022)
• Investigating the impact of resveratrol and quercetin on glymphatic function, blood-brain barrier, and neuroglial health: A systematic review. (2026)
• A Systematic Review of the Impact of Resveratrol on Viral Hepatitis and Chronic Viral Hepatitis-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (2025)
• +24 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 30 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, Adult, Hemodialysis

WMD +0.31 μmol/g Hb (95% CI +0.18 to +0.44) from VE-MA-005. Reflects glutathione sparing via reduced oxidative load. 475 studies in corpus.

• Vitamin Supplementation Protects against Nanomaterial-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Damages: A Meta-Analysis of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. (2022)
• Effects of vitamins C and E supplementation combined with 12-week resistance training in older women with sarcopenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2025)
• A 6-month randomized controlled trial for vitamin E supplementation in pediatric patients with Gaucher disease: Effect on oxidative stress, disease severity and hepatic complications. (2025)
• Oxidative stress markers and tissue iron overload after 12-months vitamin E supplementation for children with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia on different iron chelators: A randomized placebo-cont (2025)
• Enhancing Endothelial Function with Nutrient-Enriched Table Hen Eggs: A Randomized Study in Patients Recovering from Acute Coronary Syndrome. (2024)
• Impact of Treatment with Antioxidants as an Adjuvant to Standard Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock: Analysis of the Correlation between Cytokine Storm and Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Effects. (2023)
• +24 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 18 studies linked

Studied in: NAFLD, DILI, Oxidative stress conditions, Animal models

138 studies — highest corpus coverage biomarker. Predominantly animal/in-vitro. Human studies use erythrocyte/plasma GSH as proxy. Nrf2/HO-1/GPx induction (mech_004) likely mediates.

• Effects of silymarin supplementation on liver and kidney functions: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis (2024)
• The effects of silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024)
• Hepatic fatty acids profile, oxidative stability and egg quality traits ameliorated by supplementation of alternative lipid sources and milk thistle meal. (2022)
• Effects of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) extract supplementation on antioxidant status and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled (2015)
• [Effects of the mixture of Swertia pseudochinensis Hara and Silybum marianum Gaertn extracts on CCl(4)-induced liver injury in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]. (2012)
• Combined therapy of silymarin and desferrioxamine in patients with beta-thalassemia major: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. (2009)
• +12 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 17 studies linked

Studied in: Adults, Mixed populations, Elevated oxidative stress

535 studies across GSH/GSSG endpoints. Mechanistically coupled via DHA recycling through glutathione reductase. Grade B from corpus aggregate; specific source study_ids not yet resolved.

• Effects of vitamins C and E supplementation combined with 12-week resistance training in older women with sarcopenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2025)
• Topical glutathione amino acid precursors protect skin against environmental and oxidative stress. (2024)
• Mitigation of endogenous oxidative stress and improving growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, and reproductive performance of Zaraibi goat bucks by dietary supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris or/ (2023)
• Impact of Treatment with Antioxidants as an Adjuvant to Standard Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock: Analysis of the Correlation between Cytokine Storm and Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Effects. (2023)
• Vascular benefits of vitamin C supplementation against fine particulate air pollution in healthy adults: A double-blind randomised crossover trial. (2022)
• Vitamin C decreases reduced glutathione in chronic haemodialysis patients: a pilot, randomised, double-blind trial. (2021)
• +11 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · 15 studies linked

Studied in: Adults, T2D, CKD, Hemodialysis

Zinc increases GSH, SOD, catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity. Multiple mechanisms: NRF2 activation, metallothionein induction, direct SOD1 cofactor role. Most robust in zinc-deficient and oxidatively stressed populations.

• Clinical effectiveness of zinc supplementation on the biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2020)
• Clinical efficacy of zinc supplementation in improving antioxidant defense system: A comprehensive systematic review and time-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. (2021)
• Investigation of the clinical efficacy of Zn supplementation in improvement of oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. (2021)
• Zinc supplementation is associated with a reduction in serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2021)
• Performance, digestibility, antioxidant activity, immunity, and zinc bioavailability benefits of advanced zinc chelate supplementation in broiler diets: A comparative study. (2021)
• Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride and organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese on hatching eggs, embryo and hatchlings attributes. (2025)
• +9 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · 12 studies linked

Studied in: Type 2 diabetes, Oxidative stress, Adults

248 corpus studies — highest oxidative stress coverage. Faghfouri 2022 dose-response MA confirms. Mechanism: taurine is the terminal catabolite of cysteine via CDO1/CSAD; exogenous taurine spares cysteine for GSH synthesis. Note: gsh entry with quarantined nagaoka_2022 source superseded by this MA-backed entry.

• Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials. (2022)
• Effects of Zinc, Manganese, and Taurine on Egg Shell Microstructure in Commercial Laying Hens After Peak Production. (2023)
• Taurine as a possible antiaging therapy: A controlled clinical trial on taurine antioxidant activity in women ages 55 to 70. (2022)
• Taurine Treatment Alleviates Intestinal Mucositis Induced by 5-Fluorouracil in Mice. (2022)
• Dietary taurine supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and oxidative stress of broiler chickens at an early age. (2020)
• Taurine: A Potential Ergogenic Aid for Preventing Muscle Damage and Protein Catabolism and Decreasing Oxidative Stress Produced by Endurance Exercise (2017)
• +6 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · Modest effect · 11 studies linked

Studied in: CKD, General adult

197 studies in corpus; GSH/GSSG ratio improvement (increased reduced glutathione) is consistent with antioxidant enzyme upregulation (mech_004). Large corpus but many studies report GSH tangentially.

• The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2020)
• The antioxidative influence of dietary creatine monohydrate and L-carnitine on laying performance, egg quality, ileal microbiota, blood biochemistry, and redox status of stressed laying quails. (2024)
• Artemisinin and l-carnitine combination therapy alters the erythrocytes redox status. (2022)
• Clinical Evidence of Acetyl-L-Carnitine Efficacy in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Clinical Trial. (2022)
• Dietary supplementary glutamine and L-carnitine enhanced the anti-cold stress of Arbor Acres broilers. (2021)
• Effect of L-carnitine and atorvastatin on a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury of spinal cord. (2021)
• +5 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 7 studies linked

Studied in: Athletes

Consolidated with gsh_gssg_ratio. GSH/GSSG ratio improvement reported in exercise contexts. No direct creatine-glutathione pathway established; effect likely secondary to reduced metabolic stress.

• Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation, Muscle Damage, Oxidative Response, and Sports Performance in Physically Healthy Adults-A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Tr (2024)
• Combined creatine and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation with integral conditioning exercise enhances functional performance and metabolic health in physically active older adults: A randomize (2026)
• The role of resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults. (2023)
• The effect of 12-wk ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on in vivo thalamus glutathione concentration in patients "at risk" for major depression. (2015)
• The importance of intraoperative selenium blood levels on organ dysfunction in patients undergoing off-pump cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial. (2014)
• Association between creatine kinase activity, oxidative stress and selenoproteins mRNA expression changes after Brazil nut consumption of patients using statins. (2020)
• +1 more studies

Large effect · 5 studies linked

Studied in: General adult, COPD, HIV, Healthy older adult

• PubMed 23036088
• PubMed 17876200
• PubMed 28397969
• PubMed 23969498
• PubMed 16043280

Meta-analysis or review · Moderate effect · 3 studies linked

Studied in: T2DM, Metabolic syndrome

Mg is cofactor for glutathione synthetase. 65 studies in corpus. Supplementation in Mg-deficient T2DM patients improves GSH:GSSG ratio. Mechanism well-established.

• Unlocking the Power of Magnesium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Regarding Its Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. (2025)
• Comparative effect of transforaminal injection of Magnesium sulphate versus Ozone on oxidative stress biomarkers in lumbar disc related radicular pain. (2022)
• Effect of magnesium supplementation on pregnancy outcome in gestational diabetes mellitus patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2022)

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: Adults, Metabolic syndrome, T2DM, NAFLD

Melatonin upregulates γ-GCS and GSH-Px enzymatically; effect size larger in populations with depleted baseline GSH; independent of direct radical scavenging — indirect antioxidant mechanism dominant at physiological concentrations

• Zarezadeh M et al. (2022)

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: Adult, Metabolic syndrome

• Saboori S, Shab-Bidar S, Speakman JR, Yousefi Rad E, Djafarian K (2020)

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 8 studies linked

Studied in: Iron overload

GSH/GSSG ratio (reduced/oxidised glutathione) may decrease transiently with IV iron as glutathione is consumed neutralising iron-generated ROS. Chronic iron overload depletes hepatic glutathione stores.

• Nano zero-valent iron driven sodium alginate/poly (acrylic acid) composite hydrogel powder for rapid hemostasis and wound healing. (2025)
• Iron Deficiency Anemia and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetic Patients on Metformin: A Meta-Analysis. (2025)
• Targeting ferroptosis with flavonoids for cancer therapy: Mechanisms and opportunities. (2026)
• Oxidative stress markers and tissue iron overload after 12-months vitamin E supplementation for children with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia on different iron chelators: A randomized placebo-cont (2025)
• Grape seed extract in combination with deferasirox ameliorates iron overload, oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction in beta thalassemia children. (2023)
• Iron Replacement and Redox Balance in Non-Anemic and Mildly Anemic Iron Deficiency COPD Patients: Insights from a Clinical Trial. (2021)
• +2 more studies

Human trials · 5 studies linked

Studied in: Preclinical models, Infertile males seminal plasma, Athletes limited

• Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Hematological and Biochemical Markers, Hormonal Behavior, and Oxidant Response in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. (2023)
• Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng) in male infertility: An evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis. (2018)
• A standardized Ashwagandha root extract alleviates stress, anxiety, and improves quality of life in healthy adults by modulating stress hormones: Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-contr (2023)
• The growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses, and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei fed on diets supplemented with Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera). (2022)
• Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic effect of a polyherbal combination with Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal for the management of anxiety. (2021)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

Studied in: Healthy adults, Overweight obese

• Intracellular Oxidative Stress Induced by Physical Exercise in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2022)
• Self-paced combined training alleviated oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and hyperlipidaemia in people living with multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. (2025)
• The effects of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera) supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and aerobic and anaerobic performance following high-intensity interval training sessions: a randomi (2023)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

12 corpus studies — highest oxidative stress coverage. SIRT3→SOD2 and NRF2→GCLC mechanisms predict GSH increase. Critical extraction gap.

• Effects of nicotinamide riboside supplementation during late gestation and lactation on sow performance, milk metabolome, and gut microbiome. (2026)
• A Combination of Nicotinamide and D-Ribose (RiaGev) Is Safe and Effective to Increase NAD+ Metabolome in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Pilot Cl (2022)
• Acute nicotinamide riboside supplementation improves redox homeostasis and exercise performance in old individuals: a double-blind cross-over study. (2020)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

Studied in: Moderate hypercholesterolemia, Adult, Belgian

• A red yeast rice-olive extract supplement reduces biomarkers of oxidative stress, OxLDL and Lp-PLA (2017)
• [Effects of xuezhikang capsules on vascular endothelial function and redox status in patients with coronary heart disease]. (2006)
• Effects of Monacolin K in Nondiabetic Patients with NAFLD: A Pilot Study (2023)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

Studied in: Athletes, Metabolic syndrome, Cardiovascular, Multiple sclerosis

• The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in among coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2019)
• Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Improves Adipokine Levels and Alleviates Inflammation and Lipid Peroxidation in Conditions of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2020)
• Effect of liquid ubiquinol supplementation on glucose, lipids and antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetes patients: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. (2018)

Human trials · Small effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: Gestational diabetes, Deficient baseline

• Zhang Q, et al. (2016)
• Vitamin D3 Supplementation Modulates Inflammatory Protein CHI3L1/YKL-40 and Oxidative Stress Status in Multiple Sclerosis. (2025)

Lab or animal studies · Very large effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: Rodent models, Diabetic nephropathy, NAFLD, Diabetic animal model

• Berberine alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by enhancing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. (2025)
• Neuroprotective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Berberine in Diabetes-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. (2022)

Human trials · 2 studies linked

Studied in: No human data

57 corpus studies represent the highest biomarker-associated study count in the scaffold but are overwhelmingly preclinical. NRF2-mediated GSH biosynthesis upregulation is well-documented in animal models. Human GSH/GSSG ratio data for pure L-theanine remains a critical gap.

• L-theanine attenuates transport stress-induced impairment of meat quality of broilers through improving muscle antioxidant status. (2019)
• Efficacy of theanine is connected with theanine metabolism by any enzyme, not only drug metabolizing enzymes. (2006)

Lab or animal studies · 2 studies linked

Studied in: Swine, Animal model, Not human

• Effects of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium supplementation on inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide. (2020)
• Research Note: Dietary supplementation with pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ.Na (2022)

Human trials · 1 study linked

Studied in: Adults overweight obese

• Comparison of the effects of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training on inflammatory markers, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life in breast cancer patients. (2023)