Creatinine

Meta-analysis or review · Small effect · 11 studies linked

Studied in: Adults, CKD, Hemodialysis, Perioperative renal protection

Zhang 2021 MA; 7 studies; renal protective effect in CKD and perioperative settings. No data from healthy populations.

• PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MELATONIN FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. (2024)
• Impact of Melatonin Supplementation on Sports Performance and Circulating Biomarkers in Highly Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2024)
• Could melatonin prevent Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients? A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial. (2023)
• Melatonin Ingestion Prevents Liver Damage and Improves Biomarkers of Renal Function Following a Maximal Exercise. (2023)
• Impact of Dim Light at Night on Urinary 6-Sulphatoxymelatonin Concentrations and Sleep in Healthy Humans. (2020)
• Protective effects of melatonin and vitamin E in acetamiprid-induced nephrotoxicity. (2020)
• +5 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · Modest effect · 9 studies linked

Studied in: CKD, Dialysis, ESRD

105 studies in corpus; evidence concentrated in CKD/dialysis populations; reflects improved metabolic efficiency and reduced muscle catabolism rather than direct GFR improvement

• Associations of circulating choline and its related metabolites with cardiometabolic biomarkers: an international pooled analysis (2021)
• The effects of adjunctive treatment with L-carnitine on monitoring laboratory variables in ICU patients: a double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. (2023)
• [Influence of levocarnitine on heart function and endocrine among patients with heart failure]. (2013)
• A New Peritoneal Dialysis Solution Containing L-Carnitine and Xylitol for Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: First Clinical Experience. (2021)
• Impact of pretreatment with carnitine and tadalafil on contrast-induced nephropathy in CKD patients. (2019)
• Are low birth weight children predisposed to renal loss of carnitine? (2020)
• +3 more studies

Human trials · Small to moderate effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: CKD, Renal failure, Cardiac cath, Adult

Contested in contrast-AKI setting — see pc_012 (hydration confounding).

• Ye Z et al. (2021)
• Lin J et al. (2025)

1 study linked

Likely a measurement artifact rather than a real change; see the note.

Studied in: Healthy adults, Athletes

Artifact of creatine → creatinine conversion — not indicative of renal impairment. GFR, BUN, and urinary protein unaffected in healthy adults across all long-term studies reviewed. Clinically relevant: inform treating physicians to avoid misinterpretation on standard metabolic panels.

• Kreider (2017) · not matched to a paper yet

Meta-analysis or review · 1 study linked

Studied in: Diabetic nephropathy

• Wang Y, et al. (2019)

Human trials · 4 studies linked

Studied in: CKD animal model, Nephrotoxicity model

62 corpus studies. Animal nephroprotection data strong; human data limited to case reports (Imasawa 2023, Yoshida 2025).

• Effects of different carbohydrate sources on taurine status in healthy Beagle dogs (2020)
• Effect of taurine on attenuating chemotherapy-induced adverse effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (2015)
• The influence of taurine pretreatment on aluminum chloride induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. (2014)
• Chronic ethanol ingestion induces oxidative kidney injury through taurine-inhibitable inflammation. (2014)

Moderate effect · 1 study linked

Studied in: Oncology, Cisplatin treated, Adults

Crona 2017 SR (PMID:39317811): IV Mg 8–16 mEq before/after cisplatin infusion associated with lower post-treatment creatinine and reduced AKI incidence in 3 RCTs and multiple cohort studies.

• Crona DJ, Faso A, Nishijima TF, McGraw KA, et al. (2017)

Meta-analysis or review · 3 studies linked

Studied in: Diabetic nephropathy, AKI models, Rodent predominant, Limited human T2DM

• Berberine alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by enhancing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. (2025)
• Dissecting the Effect of Berberine on the Intestinal Microbiome in the Weaned Piglets by Metagenomic Sequencing. (2022)
• [Effects of berberine on the serum cystatin C levels and urine albumin/creatine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. (2018)

Human trials · 1 study linked

Studied in: Healthy adults, Cardiac patients

• Validity, Accuracy, and Safety Assessment of an Aerobic Interval Training Using an App-Based Prehabilitation Program (PROTEGO MAXIMA Trial) Before Major Surgery: Prospective, Interventional Pilot Stud (2025)

Meta-analysis or review · 10 studies linked

Studied in: Adult, NAFLD, Cardiovascular, Hemodialysis

Serum creatinine unaffected in PIVENS (96 weeks), HOPE substudy, and SPACE hemodialysis trial. VE is not nephrotoxic at standard therapeutic doses. Nephroprotective signal in contrast-induced nephropathy context (tasanarong_2013).

• Effect of Vitamin E on Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis. (2024)
• A Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Tocotrienol-Rich Vitamin E on Diabetic Kidney Disease. (2021)
• Tocotrienol-rich vitamin E improves diabetic nephropathy and persists 6-9 months after washout: a phase IIa randomized controlled trial. (2019)
• Antioxidant supplementation during illness in dogs: effect on oxidative stress and outcome, an exploratory study. (2019)
• Annatto-extracted tocotrienols improve glucose homeostasis and bone properties in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice by decreasing the inflammatory response. (2018)
• The effects of high-dose vitamin E supplementation on biomarkers of kidney injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-control (2016)
• +4 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · 8 studies linked

Studied in: Adult mixed sex

• Oral Administration of Protease-Soluble Chicken Type II Collagen Ameliorates Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats. (2023)
• Morning vs evening dosing of the cathepsin K inhibitor ONO-5334: effects on bone resorption in postmenopausal women in a randomized, phase 1 trial. (2016)
• Loading dose ibandronate versus standard oral ibandronate in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. (2015)
• Clinical and translational pharmacology of the cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib studied for osteoporosis (2019)
• Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic efficacy of intrapulmonary administration of zoledronate for the prevention of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. (2016)
• Chebulanin exerts its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects via inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK activation in collagen-induced arthritis mice. (2020)
• +2 more studies

Meta-analysis or review · 8 studies linked

Studied in: General population

112 studies mention creatinine. No RCT evidence of creatinine elevation at oral doses ≤2 g/day in normal renal function. Oxalate-related nephropathy at high IV doses may secondarily elevate creatinine — see contraindications.

• Protective effect of vitamin C against thiamethoxam-induced toxicity in male rats. (2023)
• The Effect of Intravenous vitamin C on Ferritin Levels in Patients Hemodialysis Patients, A Clinical Trial. (2022)
• Vitamin C reduces vancomycin-related nephrotoxicity through the inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in mice. (2021)
• Impact of ascorbic acid in reducing the incidence of vancomycin associated nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. (2021)
• Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients: A Pilot Study. (2017)
• Effect of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid on cancer patients following ketogenic diet. (2021)
• +2 more studies

Human trials · 5 studies linked

Studied in: Adults overweight obese, European finnish, Healthy, Overweight

Evidence_type corrected from rct_single to rct_multiple. Grade A confirmed: two independent RCTs.

• Nicotinamide riboside improves muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, satellite cell differentiation, and gut microbiota in a twin study (2023)
• Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. (2019)
• Oral MIB-626 (β Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) Safely Raises Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2021)
• Nicotinamide riboside with pterostilbene (NRPT) increases NAD (2020)
• Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men. (2020)

Meta-analysis or review · Negligible effect · 2 studies linked

Studied in: General adult, CKD, T2DM

• Fish oil for kidney transplant recipients. (2016)
• Omega-3 fatty acids ameliorate proteinuria but not renal function in IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2012)

Human trials · 4 studies linked

Studied in: CKD, Hemodialysis, Adults

tan_2026 CKD MA (23 RCTs) does not demonstrate significant creatinine change. Zinc does not improve GFR directly but may reduce oxidative renal damage over longer durations. No nephrotoxicity at therapeutic doses.

• Impact of Zinc Supplementation in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2026)
• The Effects of Zinc Sulfate Supplementation on Serum Copeptin, C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Markers in Zinc-Deficient Diabetic Patients on Hemodialysis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Control (2022)
• Do Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates Regulate Iron Absorption via Hepcidin? (2022)
• Pre-dialysis serum creatinine as an independent predictor of responsiveness to zinc supplementation among patients on hemodialysis. (2020)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

Studied in: Healthy adults standard doses

• Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers. (2021)
• Safety and clinical effectiveness of Withania Somnifera (Linn.) Dunal root in human ailments. (2020)
• The role of Ashwagandha in modulating gut parameters in dogs-a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. (2024)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

Studied in: CKD, General

Iron supplementation at therapeutic doses does not affect serum creatinine or renal function. IV iron is widely used in CKD stages 3b-5D without nephrotoxicity. No RCT has demonstrated creatinine elevation from iron therapy.

• Canagliflozin and iron metabolism in the CREDENCE trial. (2025)
• Prebiotics and iron fortification among women of reproductive age group - Is there an association with liver and renal function tests? (2024)
• Do Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates Regulate Iron Absorption via Hepcidin? (2022)

Human trials · 3 studies linked

Studied in: Adult, Mixed population, Japanese beni koji subset

• Safety of red yeast rice supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2019)
• Associations between the use of red yeast rice preparations and adverse health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. (2024)
• Efficacy and safety of Monascus purpureus Went rice in subjects with secondary hyperlipidemia (2008)

Human trials · 2 studies linked

Studied in: Burn patients, Chronic kidney disease

• Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in burn patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (2024)
• The Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2018)

0 studies linked

This result is graded, but no study is linked to it yet. Treat it as unconfirmed.

Studied in: Dialysis, CKD, General adult

No nephrotoxicity signal. 4 studies with creatinine data; monitored as safety parameter in renal population K2 trials (De Vriese, Oikonomaki, Westenfeld). No creatinine elevation attributed to K2.

Meta-analysis or review · 18 studies linked

Studied in: Adults, T2DM, Animal model

119 corpus studies. Human RCTs generally show no significant creatinine change at supplement doses. Animal data (jia_2020) shows decrease in hypertensive model. Renal MA (PMID:36996691) suggests mild improvement in some populations.

• Effects of resveratrol supplementation on renal function in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. (2025)
• Resveratrol attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease via the AKT/TMEM175 pathway. (2024)
• Resveratrol may mildly improve renal function in the general adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. (2023)
• The anti-inflammatory activity of resveratrol in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. (2022)
• Effects of resveratrol on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
• Topical administration of pterostilbene accelerates burn wound healing in diabetes through activation of the HIF1α signaling pathway. (2022)
• +12 more studies

Observational · 1 study linked

Studied in: General adult, Healthy adult

• Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort study. (2018)

Human trials · 1 study linked

Studied in: Healthy volunteers, Asian, Short term, Pilot

Xiao-qian 2021; renal safety marker. Direction not confirmed.

• Influence of Short-Term Consumption of Hericium erinaceus on Serum Biochemical Markers and the Changes of the Gut Microbiota: A Pilot Study (2021)